皮肤癌非黑色素瘤

定义

Skin 癌症 is the growth of abnormal skin cells. 这些癌症 cells grow out of control and damage nearby healthy tissue. 某些类型的皮肤癌 也会扩散到身体的其他部位吗. 的re are different types of skin 癌症—the 最常见的三种是:

• 基底细胞癌 -最常见的形式 癌症的
• 鳞状细胞癌
• 黑素瘤

Most skin 癌症s can be cured when found early. Certain skin 癌症s can be fatal if found in late stages.

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原因

Cancer happens when cells in 身体 divide without control or 订单. Over time, the cells can form into a growth or tumor. 生长物侵入并夺走 在附近组织上. 发生这种情况的原因尚不清楚. 遗传学和 环境(阳光)也会起作用.

紫外线辐射会破坏皮肤细胞的DNA. Both the sun and tanning beds make these UV rays. 这种损害可能会在一生中累积起来. It can also happen after a brief intense exposures, like sunburns.

风险因素

While skin 癌症 can develop in anyone, it is more likely to develop in people with:

• 容易长雀斑的白皙皮肤
• 红色或金色头发
• 蓝色或绿色的眼睛
• 浅自然肤色

Other things that may raise the risk of skin 癌症 are:

• 过去的皮肤癌
• 有皮肤癌家族史
• Excessive sun exposure without protective clothing or sunscreen
• 经常使用晒黑床
• 烧伤或感染造成的皮肤损伤
• Exposure to arsenic or industrial coal tar
• 辐射 治疗
• 光处理 牛皮癣,特别是 补骨脂素紫外线A (PUVA)
• A weak immune system from illness, medicine, or an organ transplant
• Certain genetic diseases, such as basal cell nevus syndrome or xeroderma pigmentosum

症状

的 first symptoms of skin 癌症s are a change in the skin. 一个 改变的类型是 光化性角化病. 它是 被认为是癌前病变. This scaly, crusty change to skin can develop into 如果不及时治疗，皮肤癌.

Skin changes caused by 癌症 depend on the type of skin 癌症. 例如:

基底细胞癌可能表现为:

• 缓慢扩张，无痛生长
• 可愈合或复发的出血痂或疮
• 平坦，坚固，苍白的区域
• Small, raised, pink, red, or pearly area that may bleed easily
• 大面积渗出，结痂

鳞状细胞癌可能表现为:

• Growing lump with rough, scaly, or crusted surfaces
• Slow-growing flat, reddish patch in the skin
• Recurrent, nonhealing ulceration or bleeding

Skin 癌症s can happen anywhere, but are more common on places 暴露在阳光下. Finding skin 癌症 early offers the best chance for a cure. 步骤 发现皮肤癌的方法有:

• Telling the doctor about any skin changes or symptoms when they appear
• Regular skin checks by a doctor—for those with lighter skin
• Doing regular skin screenings at home as instructed by the doctor

诊断

的 doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. 一个物理 检查就完成了. 如果医生怀疑是癌症，a 活组织检查 将会完成. A sample of the skin will be taken and tested for the 癌症细胞.

的 nearby lymph nodes (glands) may be checked if the growth is large. Cancer in the lymph nodes means the 癌症 may have spread. More tests will be needed if 癌症 is found in the lymph nodes.

Tests are used to assess the stage 癌症的. 皮肤癌可能是0到4期. 阶段0 癌症只影响局部. Stage 4 癌症 has spread to other areas of 身体. 分期将有助于指导治疗.

治疗

治疗 will depend on the type 癌症的, the size of the 成长，与人的健康有关. 选项可能包括:

手术

Many skin 癌症s can be fully cut out of the skin. 一些皮肤 癌症 can be completely removed during a 活组织检查. 较大的皮肤癌可能会被切除 通过手术. If skin 癌症 is completely removed, no further treatment is needed. 手术可能是:

• —A 手术刀 用来切割 切除病变.
• -癌症是用锋利的， 匙形工具. 它是 used for small skin 癌症s that are not deep.
• -病灶被削成薄薄的一层. 的 doctor will repeat the process until the removed layers show no signs 癌症的. Mohs用于去除:
  • 大肿瘤
  • 肿瘤在难以治疗的地方
  • 形状和深度不清楚的肿瘤
  • 复发的癌症
• —癌症细胞 are frozen with a special tool and killed. 的 一旦热起来，坏死组织就会脱落. 这可以用来治疗小 癌症或皮肤表层的癌症. 它也可以用于组织 变成癌症.

激光疗法

Laser 治疗 uses a narrow beam of light to remove or destroy 癌症细胞. This is sometimes used for 癌症s in the outer layer of skin.

放射治疗

辐射 can kill 癌症细胞 and shrink tumors. 它是 aimed at the 癌症 to avoid damaging as much healthy tissue as possible.

局部化疗

A medical gel or lotion is applied over the area. 它会杀人的 癌细胞随着时间的推移. This works best to treat skin conditions before they 成为癌症. It may also be used for 癌症s on the outer layer of the skin.

免疫治疗和靶向治疗

的se therapies use medicine to help attack 癌症. Immuno治疗 helps to boost the immune system. 它可以帮助身体发现和攻击 癌症细胞. Targeted 治疗 is a medicine that slows or stop 癌症s from growing 和传播.

预防

为了降低患皮肤癌的风险:

• 避免在阳光下呆太久.
• 避免在日照高峰时段晒太阳.
• Protect your skin from the sun with clothing. Wear a shirt, sunglasses, and a hat with a broad brim.
• Use broad-spectrum (UVA and UVB) sunscreen on skin that will be 暴露在阳光下. Use sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or more.
• 使用护唇膏.
• Wear sunglasses with 99% or 100% UV absorption.
• 不要使用太阳灯或晒黑亭.

If you see any changes in your skin contact your doctor for a skin exam.

参考文献

• 基底细胞和鳞状细胞皮肤癌. 美国癌症协会 网站. 可以在: http://www.癌症.org/癌症/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-癌症.html.
• 皮肤基底细胞癌. EBSCO力学网站. 可在:http://www.力学.com/condition/basal-cell-carcinoma-of-the-skin.
• 皮肤鳞状细胞癌. EBSCO力学 网站. 可以在: http://www.力学.com/condition/cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma.
• Firnhaber JM. 基底细胞和皮肤鳞状细胞 癌症:诊断与治疗. 我的家庭医生. 2020;102(6):339-346.
• Skin 癌症 treatment (PDQ)—patient version. 国家癌症 学院网站. 可以在: http://www.癌症.gov /类型/皮/耐心/ skin-treatment-pdq.
• 防晒霜常见问题. 美国皮肤病学会网站. 可以在: http://www.油气地质.org/public/everyday-care/sun-protection/shade-clothing-sunscreen/sunscreen-faqs. A